Sunday, July 20, 2008

What is Disneyfication?


According to Urban Dictionary, there are three definitions of Disneyfication. They are quite cynical. The first two involve making the world safe for children and families in a way similar to theme parks. The third deals with consumerism and providing children with a false sense of security.



New Internationalist takes the definition farther in their article "Walt's World A Reader's Guide to Disneyfication." The somewhat biased article claims that the outsourcing of American films and entertainment overwhelms and annihilates local culture and stories. This has been noted in the past with regard to the globalization of fast-food chains like McDonald's and Burger King. NI states,
Disneyfication, like economic globalization, tends to ride roughshod over local variety. So baseball hats, blue jeans and running shoes become the uniform of teenagers in both Budapest and Bangalore while Western TV shows promote the illusion of limitless wealth.
It should be noted that the stated goal of NI is the fight for global justice, however this spread of Western Culture has been observed frequently since the the 1990's. NI goes farther to say that the American entertainment machine is as invested in consumerism as entertainment, pointing to the marketing strategies which accompany the release of each Disney films and that the eventual outcome of the spread of Disneyfication is a world which resembles an amusement park where people escape problems rather than trying to solve them.


Four Disney Castles from top to bottom:
Tokyo, Florida, Paris, & Califonia.

How Disneyfication Applies to History

With Disney movies being so widespread, as well as the accompanying books, stickers, toys, bedsheets, ect., children all over the world are exposed to the Disney version of life. Dr. John Murane notes in his article "Reversing the "Disneyfication" Process,"
As Benjamin Schwarz recently explained, "for better and for worse, Walt Disney (1901-1966) implanted his creations more profoundly and pervasively in the national psyche than has any other figure in the history of American popular culture."
Take, for example, Pocahontas. Although almost completely unfounded in history, this is the story that children will most likely remember when they think about the British arrival in North America. Or Aladdin, which is absolutely offensive in it's bastardization and conglomeration of Middle Eastern culture. Here are the ordinal lyrics for "Arabian Nights" taken from Murane's article:
Oh, I come from a land,
From a faraway place,
Where the caravan camels roam.
Where they cut off your ear
If they don't like your face.
It's barbaric, but hey, it's home.
Murane also points out the differences in characters in Aladdin. He says,
...an analysis of the characters in Aladdin would reveal other stereotypes and misinformation—the "good guys" in the film (Jasmin, the Princess, and Al' Aladdin, a street urchin who rescues the princess) have lighter skin and speak without accents. The "bad guys" are quite another story...
(For more on this, Google "orientalism" with Aladdin or look up Edward Said.)

Other examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Jungle Book, Song of the South (now almost completely impossible to find), Dumbo, The Lion King, Tarzan, and Hercules. If you were to Google "Pocahontas," "The Hunchback of Notre Dame," or "Hercules," the Disney version will appear in the top-ten results courtesy of the International Movie Database (IMDB). However, they are not the first link. So read more on how this is indicative of the end of Disneyfied history for those who know where to look.

Using the Internet to Fight Disneyfication


In his article "The (possible) Death of History. The Disneyfication of History: Why Books, Libraries, and Librarians Remain Essential," Jamie McKenzie uses Thanksgiving as an example how our perception history has been altered by mass media. He challenges his readers his readers to search the world wide web for any trace of the actual history of the origins of the holiday. I did. This is what I found. The History of Thanksgiving, presented by the History Channel complete with a video that could be used in the classroom.

When McKenzie wrote this article in 1996, websites had not reached the level of access that they receive now. McKenzie notes that the most prominent web presences are those for tourist attractions. In 2008, this is no longer the case. Many colleges and universities have web sites with useful and accurate information. For example, if your looking for information on Hercules to combat the Disney version, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute has the notes for their course Hercules the hero: understanding the myth available online. Similarly, APVA Preservation Virginia has a website simply titled Pocahontas with the history of the real person rather than the Disney heroine. Wikipedia offers useful articles on Rudyard Kipling and the history of Aladdin while SparkNotes discusses the major elements of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Although these are not ideal sources of information, they do appear in the top-ten Google results for their topics, leading students away from the more child-appropriate Disneyfied sites.


Why Books, Libraries, and Librarians are Still Relevant

With the internet providing vast amounts of information at the touch of a button, librarians are essential for teaching students how to access the most appropriate information and weed through everything. Teaching students skills like website evaluation and keyword searching are even more important now that students are going to the web first. For example, Gooling "Pocahontas and History" will return different results than just searching for "Pocahontas."

Also, not everything is available on the web. The internet does offer amazing amounts of information, but when students are doing extensive term papers, they will need more. They will need books, newspapers, and magazines. They will need to be able to access information using more than one medium and they will need someone to teach them what sources are out there and how to use them.

Students need to be taught effective search search strategies so that they can make a comprehensive plan for finding the necessary information. They need to be able to identify what they are searching for and where they will be able to find it. Without these tools, provided by media specialists, students will be left with whatever sites Google turns up first and the occasionally unreliable articles on Wikipedia.

Saturday, July 19, 2008

Webliography

America's Homepage. 1999. Official Tourguide, Historical Reference and Community Business Exchange for Plymouth, MA and the surrounding area. 16 July 2008. http://pilgrims.net/plymouth/

"Disneyfication." Articleworld.org. 2006. 5 July 2008. http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Disneyfication

"Disneyfication." Urban Dictionary. 2008. 5 July 2008. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=disneyfication

"Encyclopedia: Aladdin." Wikipedia. 2008. 16 July 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin.

"Encyclopedia: History of Thanksgiving, the." The History Channel Online. 2008. A&E Television Network. 16 July 2008. http://www.history.com/minisites/thanksgiving/

"Encyclopedia: Rudyard Kipling." Wikipedia. 2008. 16 July 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling.

House, Christine. "Hercules the hero: understanding the myth." 2008. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 16 July 2008. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1998/2/98.02.06.x.html.

"Hunchback of Notre Dame, the." The Literature Network. 2008. 16 July 2008. http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/hunchback_notre_dame/

"Hunchback of Notre Dame, the." SparkNotes. 2006. 16 July 2008. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/hunchback/section13.rhtml.

Inayatullah, Sohail. "Aladdin: Continued Violence Against Islamic Culture." Metafuture.org. 16 July 2008. http://www.metafuture.org/Articles/Aladdin-review.htm.

McKenzie, Jamie. "The Disneyfication of History: Why Books, Libraries and Librarians Remain Essential." FNO.org. 1996. From Now On. 6 July 2008. http://fno.org/nov96/thanks.html.

Monbiot, George. "The Disneyfication of war allows us to ignore its real savagery." Guardian.co.uk. 2006. 6 July 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/oct/24/comment.iraq.

Murnane, John. "Reversing the 'Disneyfication' Process: Using Disney Films to Debunk Stereotypes and Oversimplification In Middle and High School Social Science Courses." World History Connected. 2007. History Cooperative. 6 July 2008. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/whc/5.1/murnane.html.

"Pocahontas." Jamestown Rediscovered. 2000. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. 16 July 2008. http://www.apva.org/history/pocahont.html.

"Walt's World. A Reader's Guide to 'Disneyfication.'" New Internationalist. 6 July 2008. http://www.newint.org/issue308/guide.htm

Tuesday, July 15, 2008

Notes

Finding literature on the "Disneyfication" of history or the effect of Googling on our perception of history in reviewed academic magazines is surprisingly difficult. There were articles on the gross misrepresentation in Disney films such as Aladdin, Pocahontas and Hercules as well as watering-down of classics like The Jungle Book and the Hunchback of Notre Dame.

There is also a general debate on how Grimm fairy tales have been adapted to be happier and less gory in their Disney versions. For example, no child is going to see Cinderella's evil step-sisters have their eyes plucked out at a wedding or watch them hack off parts of their feet to fit into that famous glass slipper. And stories like The Little Mermaid feature a happy ending for all who deserve it instead the mermaid princess's dilemma. According to Hans Christian Anderson, the little mermaid can only win the prince by killing the human girl he is supposed to marry. She chooses instead to die and earn another chance to gain a soul. Some argue that taking out all the scary gory stuff is making children less able to handle the real scary gory stuff in life. The Grimm's tales had a point. The characters learned their lessons or were maimed. However the audience is entirely difference. Most of the kids exposed to the Grimm's versions grew up on farms and were familiar with life, death, and blood.

A completely different take on Disneyfication is that it minimizes diversity of peoples and places. More on this later.